Пятница, 19 апреля 2024

Поклонение богам на острове: Афина

Фото pixabay.com

Согласно археологическим свидетельствам, почитание богини Афины на Кипре впервые упоминается в конце архаического периода, то есть в VI-V веках до н.э.

Культ Афины пришел из Греции, но на Кипре приобрел местный колорит, то есть Афину, как и Афродиту, киприоты связали с плодородием.

Изменились и изображения Афины, вместо воинственной девы в доспехах и шлеме ее часто стали изображать с обнаженным бюстом внушительных размеров, что также указывало на связь с плодородием.

В определенный момент культ Афины смешался с культом финикийской богини Анат, покровительницы плодородия и военного искусства. Этим и могут объясняться трансформации, произошедшие в ее образе. Такое явление называется синкретизмом (смешение в одно нескольких разных религий). Подтверждения этому факту можно найти в надписях классического периода (первая половина V века до н.э.) в Идалионе и Ларнаке и на монетах, отчеканенных финикийским царем Демоником. На них явно видно женский профиль в шлеме, который может в равной степени принадлежать как Афине, так и Анат.

Храмы Афины существовали в древнем Идалионе и на территории современных населенных пунктов Вуни, Мерсинаки и Какопетрия. В качестве подношений богине приносили оружие: шлемы, щиты, наконечники стрел и копий. В Вуни, деревне недалеко от античного города Солы, храм Афины находился при царском дворце. На территории храма были найдены части скульптурных изображений богини. Одно из них копирует знаменитое изваяние Афины за авторством Фидия, стоявшее в афинском Парфеноне.

монета с изображением афины polignosi

Серебряная монета Пафоса с изображением головы богини с одной стороны и голубя с другой (IV век до н.э.). Источник: polignosi.com

Почитание Афины в районе Китиона подтверждается финикийскими монетами с Афиной на аверсе и Гераклом-Мелькартом на реверсе. В Мерсинаки Афину почитали вместе с Аполлоном. Раскопки в этом районе помогли обнаружить скульптурное изображение Афины в шлеме и доспехах на колеснице, запряженной четверкой лошадей. Барельеф из того же города изображает Афину с копьем в правой руке. В Идалионе Афину называли «Бакра», от греческого слова «бактрон» (копье). В Какопетрии в V веке до н.э. находился храм Афины и Геракла. В Амафунте археологи обнаружили сделанного из оникса скарабея, на котором присутствует изображение богини Афины с крыльями, в шлеме и с копьем. В Курионе был найден камень в форме скарабея, на котором также изображена Афина в шлеме, в одной руке она держит корабль, а в другой — щит. У ее ног изображена змея, вероятно, это царь Афин Эрихтоний, которого изображали в образе змея или человека со змеиным туловищем.

Культ Афины сохранялся на Кипре до распространения христианства. Порфирий Тирский в III веке н.э. писал, что в Саламине есть храм богини, а на монетах города изображают ее профиль.

 

 

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